ABSTRACT Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) is an Amazonian fruit of economic importance. The most common problems are the damage caused by Conotrachelus dubiae and the drop of developing fruits. The objective was to clarify the factors influencing post-defoliation fruit retention influenced by C. dubiae in flooded areas. Four treatments were applied: control (T1), bottle trap (T2), adhesive tape trap (T3), and foliar fertilization (T4). The research was conducted at a camu-camu plot on the Amazon River banks. As an additional control, plants at a highland plot were evaluated. Data on the retention of flowers and fruits, yield, and quality were obtained. The presence of pests was monitored, and fruits attacked by C. dubiae were harvested. T2 showed the highest levels of damaged fruit (11.9% ± 9) and fruit retention (24.5% ± 21). This supports the hypothesis that the primary cause of fruit drop is not pest damage. In fact, T4 was the most effective pest control (damaged fruits: 4.1% ± 4). The critical period for fruit retention was right after the fruit set. Defoliation did not have any effects on fruit quality. Flowering induction, unusually occurring during the flooding period, explains the high stress that caused low fruit retention.

RESUMEN Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) es un frutal amazónico de importancia económica. Los problemas más comunes son el daño ocasionado por Conotrachelus dubiae y la caída de los frutos en desarrollo. El objetivo fue encontrar los factores que influyen sobre la retención de frutos post-defoliación en áreas inundables. Se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos: testigo (T1), trampa botella (T2), trampa cinta adhesiva (T3) y fertilización foliar (T4). La investigación se realizó en una parcela de camu-camu en la orilla del río Amazonas. Como testigo adicional se evaluaron plantas en tierra firme. Se obtuvieron datos sobre la retención de flores y frutos, su rendimiento y calidad. Se monitoreó la presencia de plagas; además, se cosecharon frutos atacados por C. dubiae. T2 mostró los niveles más altos de frutos dañadas (11,9% ± 9) y de retención de frutos (24,5% ± 21). Esto respalda la hipótesis de que la primera causa de la caída de frutos no se debe al daño por plagas. De hecho, T4 resultó ser el control de plagas más efectivo (frutos dañados: 4,1% ± 4). El período crítico para la retención del fruto fue inmediatamente después de su cuajado. La defoliación no afectó la calidad de los frutos. La inducción floral, ocurrida inusualmente durante la inundación, explica el alto estrés que causó una baja retención de frutos.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the influence of air temperature and rainfall on the phenological development of Mauritia flexuosa in plantations located in Ucayali, Peru. For this, during a 24-month period, 191 19-year-old palm trees were evaluated, distributed in three plantations established on low terrace soils. The results showed that the 45% of palm trees did not manifest their sexual maturity, meanwhile, 42% and 13% of individuals with male and female sex, respectively, were verified. It was found that the phenological cycle was biannual, with overlapping phenophases and staggered events. In female individuals, maximum flowering was observed in phenophase FLA1 (4-5%) from September to November 2018 and maximum fruiting FRM1 (4-6%) from October 2018 to January 2019; In male individuals, the FLA2 flowering phenophase occurs in two periods between September 2018 and February 2020, meanwhile, the open flower phenophase of both sexes is synchronous in a higher proportion between September and November. It was determined that pluvial precipitation and air temperature (maximum and minimum) did not show correlation (p ≤ 0.05) with the productive phenophases of Mauritia flexuosa. The pluvial precipitation, the maximum temperature and the minimum air temperature showed null association with each one of the phenological phases of the Mauritia flexuosa palm trees during the evaluation period. In order to obtain information for the planning of silvicultural management activities for the conservation of the species, it is recommended to evaluate for more years the influence of climatic elements on the productive development of Mauritia flexuosa.

Resumen El objetivo en este estudio fue determinar la influencia de la temperatura del aire y la precipitación pluvial en el desarrollo fenológico deMauritia flexuosaen plantaciones ubicadas en Ucayali, Perú. Para ello, durante un periodo de 24 meses, se evaluaron 191 palmeras de 19 años, distribuidas en tres plantaciones establecidas en suelos de terraza baja. Los resultados mostraron que el 45% de palmeras no manifestaron su madurez sexual, no obstante, fue verificado 42% y 13% de individuos con sexo masculino y femenino, respectivamente. Fue constatado que el ciclo fenológico fue bianual, con superposición de fenofases y eventos escalonados. En individuos femeninos se observó máxima floración en fenofase FLA1 (4-5%) de setiembre a noviembre de 2018 y máxima fructificación FRM1 (4-6%) de octubre 2018 a enero de 2019; en individuos masculinos la fenofase de floración FLA2 se presenta en dos periodos entre setiembre de 2018 y febrero de 2020, entre tanto, la fenofase de flores abiertas de ambos sexos, es sincrónica en mayor proporción entre setiembre y noviembre. Fue determinado que la precipitación pluvial y la temperatura del aire (máxima y mínima) no presentaron correlación (p ≤ 0,05) con las fenofases productivas deMauritia flexuosa. La precipitación pluvial, la temperatura máxima y temperatura mínima del aire presentaron asociación nula con cada una de las fases fenológicas de las palmeras deMauritia flexuosadurante el periodo de evaluación. Con la finalidad de obtener información para la planificación de actividades de manejo silvicultural para su conservación de la especie, se recomienda evaluar por más años la influencia de los elementos climáticos sobre el desarrollo productivo deMauritia flexuosa.

Abstract The research summarized and validated the individual selection of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) plants. 43 progenies, previously selected in genetic tests and fields of producers of flood areas, were evaluated. Each progeny was installed in a row of 10 half-sister plants, with a space of 3x2 m. Using the SELEGEN (Reml / Blup) Model 63 program, four crops were analyzed, and individuals were selected for each of the 16 descriptors evaluated. For fruit yield, the Tipishca-Río Tigre population stood out, occupying 5 of the first 10 places. The individuals TT0725-4 (Tigre-Tipishca) turned out to be a natural recombinant for fruit yield / weight. And individual 64-8 turned out to be triple recombinant (yield / fruit weight / ascorbic acid). The descriptors with the highest genetic control with r ≥ 0.30 were: average fruit weight, brix degrees, plant height, number of basal branches and petiole length. The criteria of similarity of the morphological markers with the fruit yield are proposed as predictive indexes of productivity. The plant height at two years of age was the most important.

Resumo Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., amplamente conhecida como rosa-do-deserto, tem despertado interesse pelas suas características estéticas que são influenciadas pelo processo de produção de mudas. Com isso, por meio de dois experimentos consecutivos instalados inteiramente ao acaso, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de diferentes substratos e hidrogel na produção de mudas de rosa-do-deserto, em ambiente protegido. Primeiramente, foram testados onze substratos confeccionados a partir de: OrganoAmazon®; PuroHumus®; solo; casca-de-arroz in natura; casca-de-arroz carbonizada, serragem e esterco bovino. Em seguida, foram testados três substratos (S1 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S2 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + casca-de-arroz in natura e S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + casca-de-arroz carbonizada) associados a quatro níveis de hidrogel: 0 (irrigação diária), 1, 2 e 3 g L−1 (irrigados em dias alternados). Foram avaliadas variáveis de crescimento e índices de qualidade das mudas. Seis substratos (todos sem adição de serragem e quando usados em mistura) agruparam-se como os que promoveram o adequado crescimento das mudas, com: altura, número de folhas, diâmetro do colo, comprimento radicular e biomassa da parte aérea superiores a 6,5 cm; 13; 12 mm; 7,5 cm e 0,45 g, respectivamente. O substrato composto por OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® (1:1 v/v), quando irrigado diariamente, foi o que mais favoreceu a produção de mudas de qualidade. A utilização de hidrogel em substratos com turnos de rega realizados em dias alternados não favoreceu a produção das mudas de rosa-do-deserto.

Abstract Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., widely known as desert rose, has attracted interest for its esthetic characteristics, which are influenced by the process of seedling production. Using two consecutive experiments installed fully at random, the study aimed at assessing the use of different substrates and hydrogel to produce desert rose seedlings in a protected environment. First, eleven substrates were tested, prepared as follows: OrganoAmazon®; PuroHumus®; soil; rice husk in natura; carbonized rice husk, sawdust and cattle manure. Then, three substrates were tested (S1 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S2 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + rice husk in natura and S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + carbonized rice husk) associated to four hydrogel levels: 0 (daily irrigation), 1, 2 and 3 g L−1 (irrigated on alternate days). Growth variables and quality index of seedlings were assessed. Six substrates (all of them without addition of sawdust and where used in mix) were grouped as those the promoted appropriate growth of seedlings, with height, number of leaves, collar diameter, root length and aerial part biomass superior to 6.5 cm; 13; 12 mm; 7.5 cm and 0.45 g, respectively. The substrate composed of OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® (1:1 v/v), when irrigated daily, was the one that favored most the production of quality seedlings. The use of hydrogel in substrates with shifts of irrigation on alternate days did not favor the production of desert rose seedlings.

An experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of cover crops and nitrogen (N) doses on the agronomic performance of watermelon cultivated under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Roraima savannah, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the plots, cover plants were tested: spontaneous vegetation, brachiaria ruziziensis (Brachiaria ruziziensis) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan); and in the subplots the doses of N, being: 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 in the form of urea. The average fruit mass, number of fruits per hectare, fruit productivity, pulp firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and fruit pH were evaluated. The vegetal coverings formed by the pigeon peas and the Brachiaria ruzizienses improve the yield of the watermelon crop in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the savannah of Roraima, Brazil. The dose of 127.65 kg ha-1 of N yields maximum yield of watermelon fruits in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the savannah of Roraima, Brazil. The cover formed by the spontaneous plants favors the increase of soluble solids contents of the fruit

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura e doses de nitrogênio (N) no desempenho agronômico da melancia cultivada nas condições edafoclimáticas da savana de Roraima, Brasil. O delineamento utilizado foi em blo cos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Testaram-se, nas parcelas, as plantas de cobertura: vegetação espontânea, braquiária ruziziensis (Brachiaria ruziziensis) e feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan); e nas subparcelas as doses de N, sendo: 0, 75, 150 e 225 kg ha-1 na forma de ureia. Foram avaliados na cultura da melancia: massa média de fruto, número de frutos por hectare, produtividade de frutos, firmeza da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e pH dos frutos. As coberturas vegetais formadas pelo feijão guandu e a braquiária ruzizienses melhoram o rendimento da cultura da melancia nas condições edafoclimáticas da savana de Roraima, Brasil. A dose de 127,65 kg ha -1 de N proporciona rendimento máximo de frutos de melancia nas condições edafoclimáticas da savana de Roraima, Brasil. A cobertura formada pelas plantas espontâneas favorece o aumento dos teores de sólidos solúveis do fruto.

Abstract The type of environment and substrates quality in seedlings production are essential for the production of productive plants under field conditions. In order to determine the best environment and substrate for seedlings production of two tomato cultivars (IPA 06 and Santamélia), two experiments, completely randomized and arranged in subdivided plots with five replicates, were conducted under the environmental conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. Treatments consisted of the association among five environments (A1 - greenhouse, A2 - Chromatinet ® 35% red, A3 - Chromatinet ® 50% red, A4 - Chromatinet ® 35% Silver and A5 - Chromatinet ® 50% Silver) and four substrates S1 - OrganoAmazon®; S2 -OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + soil + bovine manure, and S4- OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + soil + bovine manure + carbonized rice husk (CRH) on the following variables: number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter, dry shoot and root biomass, plant height/stem diameter ratio accordingly to colon & Dickson quality index of seedlings. Substrates made with the addition of PuroHumus®, without presenting CRH (S2 and S3), which favored the increasing of all analyzed variables. In addition, greenhouse, especially when is associated to S2 substrate, had achieved the best environment for seedlings production of the two evaluated tomato cultivars. Photoconverter shading nets we are not efficient in tomato seedlings production under climatic conditions of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil.

Resumo O tipo de ambiente e a qualidade de substratos na produção de mudas de espécies olerícolas são essenciais à obtenção de plantas produtivas em campo. Assim, objetivando determinar o melhor ambiente e substrato visando a produção de mudas de duas cultivares de tomate (IPA 06 e Santamélia), dois experimentos delineados inteiramente ao acaso e arranjados em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições, foram conduzidos sob as condições ambientais de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram da associação entre cinco ambientes (A1 - estufa agrícola; A2 -Chromatinet® 35% vermelha; A3 - Chromatinet® 50% vermelha; A4 - Chromatinet® 35% Silver e A5 - Chromatinet® 50% Silver) e quatro substratos (S1 - OrganoAmazon®; S2 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus®; S3 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + soil + esterco bovino, e S4 - OrganoAmazon® + PuroHumus® + soil + esterco bovino + casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC)) sobre as variáveis: número de folhas, altura de planta, diâmetro do colo, biomassa seca da parte aérea e raiz, relação altura/diâmetro do colo e índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas. Substratos confeccionados com a adição de PuroHumus®, sem apresentar CAC (S2 e S3), favoreceram o incremento de todas as variáveis analisadas. Além disso, a estufa agrícola, principalmente quando associada ao substrato S2, foi o melhor ambiente para a produção de mudas das duas cultivares de tomate. Os telados com telas fotoconversoras não foram eficientes na produção de mudas de tomate sob as condições climáticas de Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of twelve watermelon cultivars produced under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the cerrado of Roraima. The experiment was developed at the Embrapa Roraima Experimental Water Field. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and six plants per plot. The treatments consisted of the cultivars: Combat, Conquista, Verena, Congo, Magnum, Electra, Santa Amelia, Explore, Emperor, Crimson Select Plus, Charleston Gray Super and Omaru Yamato. The productive, seed and fruit quality characteristics were evaluated. It was concluded that the edaphoclimatic conditions of the cerrado of Roraima favor the productive and qualitative characteristics of the fruits of the watermelon cultivars analyzed. The highest productivity was found in the Crimson Select Plus cultivar, with a mean of 67848.25 kg ha-1. The characteristics of seeds vary according to the cultivars, with the largest quantities found in 'Santa Amélia' and 'Explore' and greater mass in 'Charleston Gray Super'. Regarding fruit quality, there is no difference in soluble solids content among cultivars; however, the values found are relatively high (> 10 ºBrix). Crimson Select Plus, Santa Amélia and Explore cultivars present high potential for cultivation in the soil and climate conditions of cerrado de Roraima-Brazil. With the information obtained in this study, it allows the exploration of new cultivars, more productive and of superior quality, when compared to those currently cultivated in the region. New studies related to the subject must contemplate the acceptance of the consumer market for the cultivars with the greatest productive potential obtained.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar as características agronômicas de doze cultivares de melancia produzidas nas condições edafoclimáticas do cerrado de Roraima. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Campo Experimental Água Boa da Embrapa Roraima. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e seis plantas por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram das cultivares: Combat, Conquista, Verena, Congo, Magnum, Electra, Santa Amélia, Explore, Emperor, Crimson Select Plus, Charleston Gray Super e Omaru Yamato. Avaliaram-se as características produtivas, de sementes e de qualidade dos frutos. Concluiu-se que as condições edafoclimáticas do cerrado de Roraima favorecem as características produtivas e qualitativas dos frutos das cultivares de melancia analisadas. A maior produtividade foi encontrada no cultivar Crimson Select Plus, com média de 67848,25 kg ha-1. As características de sementes variam em função das cultivares, com maiores quantidades encontradas na ‘Santa Amélia’ e ‘Explore’ e maior massa na ‘Charleston Gray Super’. Quanto à qualidade dos frutos não há diferença no teor de sólidos solúveis entre as cultivares, porém, os valores encontrados são relativamente altos (>10 ºBrix). As cultivares Crimson Select Plus, Santa Amélia e Explore apresentam elevado potencial para cultivo nas condições edafoclimáticas do Cerrado de Roraima-Brasil. Possibilita com as informações obtidas nesse estudo a exploração de novas cultivares, mais produtivas e de superior qualidade, quando comparada às atualmente cultivadas na região. Novos estudos relacionados ao tema devem contemplar a aceitação do mercado consumidor para com as cultivares de maior potencial produtivo obtidas.

This work was to evaluate the influence of the organic compound in the production of plants capirona. The experiment was conducted at the Research Center Dale E. Bandy the IIAP Ucayali. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete (DCA) design with 5 treatments 3 replications and 10 plants per experimental unit, the treatments were: T1 [alluvial soil]; T2 [agricultural soil]; T3 [alluvial soil + agricultural soil (1: 1)]; T4 [alluvial soil + rice hull + chicken manure (1: 1: 1)] and T5 [agricultural soil + rice hull + chicken manure (1: 1: 1]. The variables evaluated at the end of the experiment were plant height (H) (cm), basal diameter (BD) (mm), number of leaves, relative height and basal diameter (H/BD), dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP) (g) dry weight of the root (DWR) (g) and quality index Dickson (QID). The results show that the T4 and T5 treatments, had higher significant differences in all variables evaluated in relation to other treatments. In that sense it is concluded that the substrates [alluvial soil + rice hull chicken manure] and [agricultural soil + rice hull + chicken manure], waste from animal and vegetable sources provided greater efficiency and better quality growth of plants capirona suitable for definitive field

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia del compuesto orgánico en la producción de plantas de capirona. El experimento fue realizado en el Centro de Investigaciones Dale E. Bandy del IIAP Ucayali. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos mediante un Diseño Completos al Azar (DCA), con 5 tratamientos 3 repeticiones y 10 plantas por unidad experimental, los tratamientos fueron: T1 [Tierra aluvial]; T2 [tierra agrícola]; T3 [Tierra aluvial + tierra agrícola (1:1)]; T4 [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1)] y T5 [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza (1:1:1]. Las variables evaluadas al final del experimento fueron altura de planta (H) (cm); diámetro basal (DB) (mm); número de hojas; relación altura y diámetro basal (H∕DB); masa seca de la parte aérea (MSPA) (g); masa seca de la raíz (MSR) (g) e índice de calidad de Dickson (IQD). Los resultados muestran que los tratamientos T4 y T5 presentaron diferencias significativas superiores en todas las variables evaluadas en relación a los otros tratamientos. En ese sentido se concluye que los sustratos [Tierra aluvial + cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza] y [Tierra Agrícola+ cascarilla de arroz + gallinaza], provenientes de residuos de origen animal y vegetal proporcionaron mayor eficiencia en el crecimiento y mejor calidad de plantas de capirona aptas para campo definitivo

Camu-camu is a native plant of the Peruvian Amazon. It is noted for its high concentration of ascorbic acid, however this feature varies widely from one location to another due to genetic and environmental factors. In order to determine the relationship between mineral nutrients and the concentration of ascorbic acid in camu>camu plants, a study was conducted in three camu-camu producing areas in flood-prone soils and soils on dry land conditions in the Ucayali Region. For this purpose, soil samples and camu-camu were collected. The content of following macronutrients was analyzed: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium; also was determined the concentration of aluminum, pH, organic matter and ascorbic acid. The results show that the camu-camu plantations located in upland soils had lower concentrations of ascorbic acid and lower natural fertility, than soils prone to flooding. Ascorbic acid is negatively related to the concentration of aluminum and positively to the concentration of magnesium and phosphorus in the camu-camu producing areas. It is concluded that the concentration of ascorbic acid in camu-camu plants is best expressed when soils have better chemical attributes and good conditions of natural fertility

Determine biological target, identify natural enemies, and establish appropriate periods of controlling a pest gracillariid tare. The biological aspects and natural enemies in field and laboratory were evaluated, appropriate control periods was determined by host-pest interaction. The results, egg lasts 7.8 days and measured 0.34x0.21 mm; presents four instars larvae and lasts 35.7 days, ranging from measures between 1st and the 4th instar from 0.09 to 0.65 mm diameter brain; the pupa lasts 14.3 days and measured 6.7mmx1.1mm; adult takes 7.5 days and measured 13.43 mm wingspan. Presents natural enemies, family Encyrtidae, Ichneumonidae, and genres Chelonus sp., Chrysoperla sp., Hemerobius sp., Cicloneda sp., Hippodamia sp., and Zelus spp. The best times control occur when the phenology of the tara is between R3.1 to R3.3 and R4 to R6

Se tuvo por objetivo determinar aspectos biológicos, identificar enemigos naturales, y establecer periodos oportunos de control de un gracillariido plaga de tara. Los aspectos biológicos y los enemigos naturales se evaluaron en campo y en laboratorio, los periodos oportunos de control se determinó por interacción hospedero-plaga. Los resultados, el huevo dura 7,8 días y mide 0,34x0,21mm; la larva presenta 4 instares y dura 35,7 días, variando de medidas entre 1o y 4o instar de 0,09 a 0,65 mm de diámetro de encéfalo; la pupa dura 14,3 días y mide 6,7mmx1,1mm; el adulto dura 7,5 días y mide 13,43 mm de expansión alar. Presenta enemigos naturales, familias Encyrtidae, Ichneumonidae, y géneros Chelonus sp., Chrysoperla sp., Hemerobius sp., Cicloneda sp., Hipodamia sp., y Zelus spp. Las mejores épocas de control ocurren cuando la fenología de la tara está entre R3.1 a R4 y R3.3 a R6